Phrasal verbs made with adverb particles are separable. That means the particle can be separated from the verb and put after the object. The particle is thus put after the object, when the object is a personal pronoun or when it is comparatively short.

Subject + verb + object + adverb particle

He put his coat on.

They called the visitor in.

He threw the bag away.

His grandmother brought him up.

You must send them back.

When the object is long or when it has to be made prominent, the particle goes before the object.

Subject + verb + participle + object

The chief guest gave away the prizes.

He put on an air of innocence.

We must not throw away anything useful.

The poor widow had to bring up all the four children.

He brushed aside all the plans I had carefully formulated.

Notes

The same word can be used both as a particle and as a preposition. Examples are: on, off, in, up, down, to, from etc. There are several exceptions to this. The following are only used as particles and never as prepositions – away, back, out, backward, forward, upward, downward.

2. River there a bridge is across the.

3. The railway road which to is the station?

4. Was I could you wondering if money lend me some.

5. Think didn’t proper I to you wake up it.

6. Get we the roof monsoon before should repaired in sets.

7. Breakfast for what you would to have like?

8. Are when you to going job get a good?

9. Ages have been we for waiting.

10. Subject have we books on every good.

11. Said he would before he seven arrive, did he and.

12. You could chops some up pick butcher’s from?

Answers

1. We saw some children playing in the park.

2. There is a bridge across the river.

3. Which is the road to the railway station?

4. I was wondering if you could lend me some money.

5. I didn’t think it proper to wake you up.

6. We should get the roof repaired before monsoon sets in.

7. What would you like to have for breakfast?

8. When are you going to get a good job?

9. We have been waiting for ages.

10. We have good books on every subject.

11. He said he would arrive before seven, and he did.

12. Could you pick up some chops from butcher’s?

Exclamatory: What a beautiful flower!
Assertive: It is a beautiful flower.

Exclamatory: What a great victory!
Assertive: It is a great victory.

Exclamatory: How kind of you to help him like that!
Assertive: It is very kind of you to help him like that.

Exclamatory: What a glorious morning!
Assertive: It is indeed a glorious morning.

Transformation of an assertive sentence into an exclamatory sentence

Assertive: He is truly noble.
Exclamatory: How noble he is!

Assertive: This is indeed a pleasant surprise.
Exclamatory: What a pleasant surprise this is!

Assertive: It was an extremely delightful party.
Exclamatory: What a delightful party it was!

Assertive: I wish I were young again.
Exclamatory: O that I were young again!

Changing an interrogative sentence into an assertive sentence and vice versa

An assertive sentence can be changed into an interrogative sentence by putting the auxiliary verb before the subject.

Assertive: She is my friend.
Interrogative: Is she my friend?

Assertive: He has finished his work.
Interrogative: Has he finished his work?

Assertive: He is very intelligent.
Interrogative: Is he very intelligent?

Notes

If the assertive sentence contains the adverb never, it becomes ever in the interrogative sentence.

Assertive: I never asked you to do it.
Interrogative: Did I ever ask you to do it?

If the assertive sentence contains the adverb no, it becomes any in the interrogative sentence.

Assertive: There is no sense in doing that.
Interrogative: Is there any sense in doing that?

Changing an imperative sentence into an interrogative sentence and vice versa

Imperative: Stop it.
Interrogative: Will you stop it?

Imperative: Please, give me a glass of water.
Interrogative: Will you, please, give me a glass of water?

Imperative: Come here.
Interrogative: Come here, will you?

Note that the interrogative is a milder form of the imperative. But the addition of ‘or not’ to the interrogative form will add a touch of threat to it.

Imperative: Shut up.
Interrogative: Will you shut up or not?

Imperative: Get out of here.
Interrogative: Will you get out of here or not?

Imperative: Speak loudly.
Interrogative: Will you speak loudly?

Imperative: Please take me to the Director of the Institute.
Interrogative: Will you, please, take me to the Director of the Institute?

Hurrah! Ha! (Express joy)
Alas! Oh! (Express sorrow, regret, or loss)
Bravo! (Express Applause)
What! Oh! How! (Express surprise)
Pooh! Pshaw! (Express contempt)

An exclamatory sentence has a sign of exclamation after it which changes into a full stop in the indirect speech.

In indirect speech, the exclamatory phrase or word (interjection) is replaced by ‘exclaimed with joy, sorrow, regret, surprise, contempt etc.’

The connective that has to be supplied in the indirect speech.

Examples are given below:

Direct: The boy said, ‘Hurrah! We have won the match.’
Indirect: The boy exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
Direct: The old man said, ‘Alas! I have lost my purse.’
Indirect: The old man exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost his purse.
Direct: The child said, ‘What a beautiful sight!’
Indirect: The child exclaimed with delight that it was a very beautiful sight. OR The child exclaimed with delight that the sight was very beautiful.
Direct: The girl said, ‘How beautiful the girl is!’
Indirect: The girl exclaimed with delight that the rainbow was very beautiful.
Direct: The candidate said, ‘How difficult the problem is!’
Indirect: The candidate exclaimed with disapproval that the problem was very difficult.
Direct: The students said to the teacher, ‘Good morning, Teacher!’
Indirect:  The students respectfully wished their teacher good morning.
Direct: ‘How glad I am,’ said Alice, ‘to meet my friend here.’
Indirect: Alice exclaimed with delight that she was very glad to meet her friend there.
Direct: The Emperor said, ‘Alas! Our foes are too strong!’
Indirect: The Emperor exclaimed with sorrow that their foes were too strong.
Direct: ‘Hurrah!’ cried the boy, ‘I have won a prize.’
Indirect: The boy exclaimed with delight he had done a prize.

An imperative sentence expresses ideas such as advice, order, request, suggestion, instruction, permission, allowance etc.

In order to change an imperative sentence into the indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive. A –that clause is also possible in some cases. Note that instead of ‘said’ we use one of the following reporting verbs:

Advise, command, request, suggest, threaten, order, forbid, decree, propose, entreat, prompt, counsel, pardon, beg, persuade, instruct etc.

Notes:

After suggest, we use a –that clause and not an infinitive.
The verb propose is not followed by an object.
The verb forbid itself conveys a negative sense. Therefore, we do not use not in the following clause.

Study the following examples carefully.

Direct: The old woman said to the boy, ‘Please help me.’
Indirect: The old woman requested the boy to help her.
Direct: I said to him, ‘Love and obey your parents.’
Indirect: I advised him to love and obey his parents. OR I advised that he should love and obey his parents.
Direct: The teacher said to the students, ‘Work hard.’
Indirect: The teacher advised the boys to work hard. OR The teacher suggested that the boys should work hard.
Direct: Jim said to me, ‘Please lend me your pen.’
Indirect: Jim requested me to lend him my pen.
Direct: The doctor said to the patient, ‘Quit smoking.’
Indirect: The doctor advised the patient to quit smoking. OR The doctor suggested that the patient should quit smoking.
Direct: The officer said to the clerk, ‘Do it immediately.’
Indirect: The officer ordered the clerk to do it immediately.
Direct: The teacher said to the boy, ‘Come in, please.’
Indirect: The teacher allowed (or asked) the boy to come in.
Direct: He said to me, ‘Post this letter at once.’
Indirect: He ordered me to post that letter at once.
Direct: I said to the children, ‘Do not make a noise.’
Indirect: I forbade the children to make a noise. (NOT I forbade the children not to make a noise.)
Direct: I said to her, ‘Don’t mention his name.’
Indirect: I forbade her to mention his name.
Direct: I said to the child, ‘Do not look down into the well.’
Indirect: I warned the child not to look down into the well.
Direct: He said to me, ‘Wait here till I return.’
Indirect: He asked me to wait there till he returned.

Different kinds of subjects

The subject is always a noun or a word or phrase used as a noun.

Read the sentences given below:

Wisdom is better than riches. (Here the subject is the noun wisdom.)
He has refused to leave. (Here the subject is the pronoun he.)
The disabled are God’s special children. (Here the subject is the adjective the disabled which is used as a noun.)
Swimming is good for health. (Here the subject is the gerund swimming which is used as a noun.)
To err is human. (Here the subject is the infinitive to err which is used as a noun.)

The subject-word is often modified by an adjective or the equivalent of an adjective which is called its attribute.

Kinds of Attributes

A man knocked at the door.
Here the subject-word man is modified by the article a which is called its attribute.

Fresh milk is wholesome.
Here the subject-word milk is modified by the adjective fresh which is its attribute.

More examples are given below.

His face turned pale. (Here the subject-word pale is modified by the possessive adjective his.)
Lincoln, President of America, was assassinated. (Here the attribute is a noun or phrase in apposition to the subject.)
John himself finished the work. (Here the attribute is an emphatic pronoun.)
Barking dogs seldom bite. (Here the attribute is a participle used as an adjective.)

Participles, prepositional phrases, to-infinitives, adjectival phrases can also be used as subject attributes.

Exercise

In the following sentences pick out the complete subject; then separate the subject word and its attribute:

1.    Sweet are the uses of adversity.
2.    Dominic, the grocer, sells sugar and rice in the black market.
3.    His bark is worse than his bite.
4.    The king, generous as ever, pardoned the rebel.
5.    Birds of the same feather flock together.

Answers

1.    Subject – the uses of adversity; subject-word – uses; attribute – of adversity
2.    Subject – Dominic, the grocer; subject-word – Dominic; attribute – the grocer
3.    Subject – his bark; subject-word – bark; attribute – his
4.    Subject-word – the king; attribute – generous as ever
5.    Subject-word – birds; attribute – of the same feather

Simple Sentence
A simple sentence consists of a single main clause.

She wrote a letter.
They visited us yesterday.
It is snowing.
We have been waiting for hours.
Good books build character.
Birds of a feather flock together.

Compound sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more main clauses.

The boy fell off the ladder and broke his leg.
Man proposes, God disposes.
John smokes but Peter doesn’t.
Ann wrote the letters and Peter posted them.

Complex sentence
A complex sentence consists of one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.

I will call you when dinner is ready.
I don’t know if he would come.
I don’t know where he lives.
You will pass the examination if you work hard.

Compound-Complex sentence
A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Phrase
A phrase is a sequence of one or more words which forms a single grammatical unit. A phrase does not have a subject or a finite verb.

She is a woman of great beauty.
The book was lying on the table.
We should know how to behave.
To my horror, I found a snake on the floor.

In the sentences given above, the groups of words given in bold text are examples of phrases.

Notes
When a group of words contains a finite verb, it must be either a sentence or a clause. It can’t be a phrase.

A phrase may contain an infinitive such as ‘to go’, ‘to work’, ‘to break’ etc.
I like to read.
They decided to go for a walk.
To find fault with others is easy.

A phrase may contain a gerund (such as drinking, smoking, working etc) or a participle (such as crying, learnt, being driven etc.)

I like reading.
Driven by rain, they took shelter under a tree.
Barking dogs seldom bite.

A sentence must contain at least one main clause and it may also contain additional main clauses or subordinate clauses. In writing, a sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, interrogation mark or an exclamation mark.

The Vikings reached North America in the eleventh century.
Why did you break my window?
What a beautiful flower!

Note that an imperative sentence doesn’t always contain a subject.
Stop!
Get lost!

Clause
A clause is a grammatical unit consisting of a subject and a predicate. In the following sentences the groups of words given in bold text are examples of clauses.

Those whom the God loves die young.
He told me that he would come.
Why he has behaved in this manner is not known to me.
Will you please tell me where you found this book?
Where there is a will there is a way.
There was light on all sides.

There are two principal types of clauses: main clauses and subordinate clauses.

A main clause can stand alone to make a complete sentence by itself. A subordinate clause, on the other hand, can’t stand alone: it must be attached to another clause within a larger sentence. Every sentence has at least one main clause. Some sentences may contain two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. For example, the sentence ‘They visited us’ consists of a single main clause, while the sentence ‘Mike cooked dinner and Susie tidied the room’ consists of two main clauses connected by and, and the sentence ‘He told me that he had finished his work’ consists of a main clause and a subordinate clause beginning with that.